James has always been a popular choice among parents for their baby boy across different parts of the world. And so, knowing different nicknames for James can offer endearing ways to acknowledge him with affection. Looking at the etymology of James, it is an English name of Biblical origin, derived from the Late Latin name Iacomus, which stems from the Biblical Latin name Iacobus that ultimately originates from the Hebrew name Ya’aqov, meaning ‘holder of the heel’ or ‘supplanter’ (1) (2).
However, James is also claimed to have originated from the Hebrew hypothetical name Ya’aqov’el, which means ‘may God protect.’ In addition to being the name of the major Biblical characters in the Old and the New Testament, it has been borne by several English and Scottish Kings and Monarchs.
Join us on the journey of discovering several nicknames for this versatile name to give your baby boy or for someone named James.
200+ Creative, Cute, And Unique Nicknames For James
James is one of the most popular boy names of all time. This list of nicknames for James will come in handy to suggest a personalized name.
Common Nicknames For James
From traditional diminutives and variants to some funny and interesting ones, several nicknames have been commonly associated with this timeless name. Dive into the list below to learn about common nicknames for James.
1. Bond
Inspired by the popular classic American movie series ‘James Bond,’ Bond has always been used as a cool nickname for James.
2. Bucky
Bucky is inspired by the name of the fictional character ‘James Barnes,’ popularly known as Bucky in American comic books by Marvel Comics and in several Marvel movies and series.
3. Chalm
A Breton variant of the name James, Chalm could be a unique nickname.
4. Gem
The name Gem comes from the English and Latin word ‘gemma,’ which means a ‘precious stone’ or ‘jewel.’ Gems can be a shorter and sweeter version for James.
5. Gemmo
Gemmo is an Italian form of the name Gemma, a variant of the English name Gem and suitable for James as a nickname.
6. Hans
Derived from the name James, Hans is a Faroese (North Germanic) name and hence a suitable nickname choice.
7. J
Derived from the first alphabet of the name James, J is commonly used as an informal nickname.
8. Jack
Jack is derived from the English name John, which comes from the Hebrew name Yochanan, ‘Yahweh is gracious.’ Alternatively, it is also considered a variant of the Jacques, which stems from the name James.
9. Jackie
A gender-neutral name, which is commonly used as a diminutive of the names Jack or Jacqueline (a feminine form of Jacques). Thus, making for a sweet nickname for James.
10. Jacky
Commonly a variant of the name Jackie, Jacky can also be a diminutive of the name Jacques.
11. Jacme
An Occitan variant of the name James, Jacme is referred to as a Romance language in France.
12. Jacob
A Biblical name and cognate of the name James, Jacob originates from the same Hebrew name Ya’aqov.
13. Jacques
A French variant of the Latin name Iacobus, from which the name James originates. Hence, it can be a French nickname choice for James.
14. Jacum
Jacum is a Sicilian variant of the Latin name Iacomus, which is also derived from the name James.
15. Jae
A rare English variant of the name Jay, Jae is used as a short name for names beginning with the letter ‘J.’
16. Jaime
The name Jaime is the form of James in Spanish and Portuguese.
17. Jake
Jake is a medieval English form of the name Jack and is also used as a diminutive of the name Jacob. Since Jacob and James are cognate names with similar etymology, you may consider Jake as a nickname for James.
18. Jakes
The Basque variant of the name James, this masculine name can be a good choice as a nickname for boys named James.
19. Jakku
The name Jakku is a form of James in the Faroese (North Germanic) language.
20. Jakov
Jakov is the variant of Jacob or James in Serbian, Croatian, and Macedonian.
21. Jalm
It is another way to say the name James in Breton.
22. Jame
Jame is a gender-neutral pet name or byname for James in modern English.
23. Jameson
Both a surname and a given name in English, Jameson means ‘son of James.’
24. Jami
Jami is a variant of Jamie, which is a form of the name James.
25. Jamie
A sweet English name for boys and girls, Jamie is originally a Lowland Scots diminutive of James.
26. Jamison
A variant of the name and a patronymic surname, Jameson, this name means ‘son of James.’
27. Jamiey
Usually a feminine form of Jamie, you can also use Jamiey as a nickname for James.
28. Jammy
Jammy is an English variant of Jamie, which stems from the name James.
29. Jamy
The name Jamy is a modern English spelling variant of Jamie and James.
30. Jass
Jass is an Estonian name that has originally been used as a contracted form of Johannes, a variant of John. You may use Jass as a nickname for James due to its similar phonetic sound.
31. Jas
Jas is probably used as a diminutive of any name, irrespective of gender. Hence, it can also make a nickname for James due to their phonetic similarity.
32. Jaume
Jaume is a Catalan form of the Latin name Iacomus, from which the name James is derived.
33. Jay
Like the name Jae, Jay is usually a short name or nickname for names beginning with the letter ‘J.’ Alternatively, it is also a Sanskrit-originated name that means ‘victory.’
34. Jazzy
Originally a diminutive of names with the syllable jaz or jas, it can be a modern nickname for James.
35. Jem
Jem is a diminutive of the name Jeremy, an English variant of the Biblical name Jeremiah, which means ‘God will exalt.’ It was also used as a diminutive of James earlier.
36. Jemmy
A variant of Jem, this name also stems from the name Jeremy and was used as a diminutive of James. Hence, Jemmy can be a good nickname choice for James.
37. Jems
A variant of Jem, which comes from Jeremy, an English variant of the Biblical name Jeremiah. It is a suitable short name choice for James.
38. Jemsh
Jemsh is a unique spelling variant of the name James, which can also be used as a nickname.
39. Jimi
A variant of the name Jimmy, which is a short form of James, this short name can be found in English-speaking countries and Finland.
40. Jim
Jim is a short name originally used as a diminutive of James in medieval English.
41. Jimmy
An English variant of the name James, Jimmy is a cool given name.
42. Jims
The name Jims can be taken as a variant of Jems, hence a cool choice as a nickname for James.
43. LeBron
For your basketball enthusiast friend, son, or relative named James, LeBron can be an interesting nickname, inspired by the star basketball player LeBron.
44. Logan
A dynamic nickname inspired by the dynamic superhero James “Jimmy” Howlett, The Wolverine in comic books and movies of the Marvel Cinematic Universe media franchise.
45. Rhodey
The famous bearer of this nickname is the fictional character named James “Rhodey” Rhodes who appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
46. Sawyer
Sawyer is derived from the nickname of the fictional character James Ford on the ABC television series Lost, who has been given the nickname Sawyer.
47. Xácome
In the Medieval Galician language, James is written and spoken as Xácome. So, it can be a sophisticated nickname choice for James.
48. Xaime
The name Xaime is a Galician form of the Latin name Iacomus, from which the name James is taken.
49. Xaume
Xaume is another Catalan form of the name James mostly used by Spanish people.
50. Yaqub
An Arabic variant of the Hebrew name Ya’aqov, which is the origin name for James and Jacob.
Cute Nicknames For James
Mostly, people preferred to give cute nicknames to call their loved ones affectionately and dearly. So, go through our list of cute nicknames for James to find an endearing alias for your close one.
51. Gemma
Originating from Medieval Italian, Gemma is a precious nickname that means ‘gem’ or ‘precious stone.’
52. Jaci
Jaci is either a diminutive of the name Jaques or Jaqueline, or a Tupi (Indigenous American) name, meaning ‘moon.’
53. Jaimu
It is a sweet inventive modern nickname inspired by the name James.
54. Jambo
Adding a playful and cute appeal to the way you call James, Jambo can be a sweet name for someone named James.
55. Jamesy
Derived from the name James, Jamesy can be a cute nickname choice.
56. Jamu
Jamu is a sweet gesture to call someone named James dearly.
57. Jam
Derived from Persian mythology, Jam is the Persian variant of Yima, meaning ‘twin.’ It also serves as a cute nickname for James.
58. Jamo
Jamo is another cute byname for someone named James but with no definite origin or meaning.
59. Jason
Originating from Greek mythology, this name means ‘healer’ in Greek.
60. Jaybo
Inspired by the rapper Jaybo, it can be a playful nickname for someone named Jaybo.
61. Jaycee
Derived from the name Jacey, Jaycee is a gender-neutral inventive name that you may also use as James’ nickname.
62. Jayden
A variant of the name Jaden or Jadon, this name may mean ‘thankful’ or ‘he will judge’ in Hebrew. You may consider Jayden as a nickname for James due to their phonetic connection with the letter ‘J’ or ‘Jay,’ where the other part, -den, can be considered a cute addition to the nickname.
63. Jayman
Derived from the name Jay, Jayman can be a cool nickname for someone named James.
64. Jayme
Another spelling variant of Jamie, Jayme can be a cute nickname for James.
65. Jayson
Derived from the name Jason, Jayson is a sweet name of Greek origin suitable for James.
66. Jemmybear
For your bubbly and soft boy, Jemmybear can be a suitable nickname.
67. Jiminy
Popularized by the fictional character Jiminy Cricket by Walt Disney, this sweet nickname has a playful tone.
68. Jimjam
Jimjam is an inventive nickname for your sweet and cheerful baby boy.
69. Jimmer
A unique inventive nickname derived from the name Jim, Jimmer can be an interesting nickname choice for James.
70. Jimmers
Derived from the name Jim, Jimmers can be a playful and dear nickname.
71. Jimothy
Jimothy is a portmanteau name combining Jim and Timothy, but you may also use it as a nickname for James.
72. Jimson
Evolved from a surname, Jimson may mean ‘son of Jim’ or ‘son of James.’
73. Jojo
Originally a diminutive of names beginning with Jo, Jojo can also be a playful nickname for James.
74. Jolly
Depicting the joyous and cheerful character, Jolly can be a cute and endearing way to call James.
75. Joyful
Depicting the happiness that your son or friend James brings, Joyful can be a sweet nickname for him.
76. Juju
Although it is primarily a diminutive of names starting with Ju, you may also use Juju as an endearing nickname for James.
77. Jules
Jules originates from the given name Julius, meaning ‘downy-bearded’ in Greek. You may consider Jules as a cute nickname for James due to its phonetic similarity.
78. Juni
Juni can be a perfect nickname for a June-born baby boy named James.
79. Junior
Junior can make a wonderful nickname for a boy named James, who is the youngest member of the family.
80. Jupiter
The Roman name Jupiter can be a cute yet powerful nickname for James.
81. Juvie
Juvie can be a cute inventive nickname that is made by playing with some letters.
Cool Nicknames For James
A cool nickname might not have a proper meaning or origin, but it may express a quirky, stylish, and edgy personality.
82. J-Lo
Although J-Lo is a nickname for the popular American actress and singer Jennifer Lopez, boys named James can also have this cool nickname.
83. J-Star
Give your little superstar a nickname for their ‘hero’ attitude and stay connected with their name James.
84. Jamm
Derived from the spelling of James, Jamm can be a cool short nickname.
85. Jammer
Give your IT nerd friend James a quirky nickname like ‘Jammer’ reflecting their work and the name.
86. Jammie
A gender-neutral name and a variant of Jamie, this is a unique nickname for James with an extra ‘m.’
87. Jammyy
A variant of Jamie, Jammyy can be a cool and casual nickname for names like Jimmy and James.
88. Jamyy
Another spelling variant of Jamie, this quirky English name can also be a nickname for James.
89. Jay-Jay
Derived from the English name Jay, Jay-Jay is a cool and playful James nickname.
90. Jaybird
Inspired by the name of the beautiful bluebird ‘Jaybird,’ this can be a cool nickname.
91. Jaystar
It is yet another cool and quirky way to call your little superstar James.
92. Jazz
Escalating a musical vibe, you may consider the nickname ‘Jazz’ for your rockstar friend named James.
93. Jazzie
Exuding a playful vibe of Jazz music, Jazzie can be a cool and quirky nickname for James.
94. Jeb
Jeb can be an endearing and cool nickname for the classic name James.
95. Jebby
An invented name and a playful nickname, Jebby can be a unique and affectionate way to call James.
96. Jed
Derived from the Hebrew roots, Jed is a diminutive of the Biblical name Jedidiah, which means ‘beloved God.’
97. Jedi
For your friend, son, or anyone you know with the name James who is a fan of Star Wars movies, Jedi can be a cool and adventurous nickname.
98. Jess
A short form of names like Jessai and Jessica, Jess can also serve as a nickname for James.
99. Jimps
With no proper origin or history, Jimps can just be a casual yet cute nickname for James.
100. Jimster
An invented nickname Jimster exudes cool and lofty vibes, making a cute nickname for a person named James with a lofty nature.
101. Jippy
With no certain origin and meaning, Jippy can be an inventive nickname for James.
102. Mess
Mess can be a cool nickname for your ‘messy friend’ named James.
Funny Nicknames For James
The name James exudes sophistication. But our list of funny nicknames for James will help you find a witty and wacky alternative for your favorite James to highlight their humorous nature.
103. Caring James
It is a funny yet warm nickname for James who is of a caring and lovable nature.
104. Jamboree
A nickname for your little party planner James who is a part of the scouts and guide.
105. Jamboslice
It is a funny nickname for the foodie James who loves eating large slices.
106. James Neutron
That’s a nerdy nickname for a science-enthusiast James.
107. Jamiester James
A quirky nickname for James who knows how to be an impromptu for anything.
108. Jamie Jam
Jamie Jam can make a sweet and funny nickname for a person with a sweet tooth.
109. Jam-tactic
If you need a quirky nickname choice, Jam-tactic can be a lovely option.
110. Jammerama
It can be an interesting nickname for the drama King James.
111. Jammin’ Jellybean
For James whose dance moves are smooth and jelly-like, this nickname can be a suitable choice.
112. Jazzy Jammer
A Jazz lover with perfect Jazz moves can have this funny-sounding nickname.
113. Jiggly James
A nickname for James who who is full of life.
114. Jimbo
Jimbo is a funny-sounding nickname for James that means ‘state’ or ‘province’ in the Swahili language. It is also a Japanese surname.
115. Jimbob
You may use this funny nickname for James with a happy-go-lucky nature.
116. Jimboozle
The nickname suggests a whimsical and playful nickname for a funny guy.
117. Jingle-Bell James
The name is suitable for an enthusiastic James full of Christmas vibes all year around.
118. Jitterbug
Jitterbug can be a funny nickname for someone with a lively personality and fun character.
119. Joker
A perfect nickname for James who always has tricks to make people laugh around him. However, if your James doesn’t like this nickname, do not use it.
120. Jolly James
Spreading happiness and laughter wherever he goes, Jolly James is a funny nickname.
121. Jubilee
For someone named James whom you met during a celebratory Jubilee year, this can be a perfect nickname.
122. Jumping James
Jumping James can be an apt nickname for James who gets excited for everything.
123. McJams
A rockstar nickname for your Karaoke-jamming session star.
124. Shimmer Jimmer
Adding the shimmer to the party, Shimmer Jimmer is an apt nickname for James who brightens every party and meeting.
125. Shiny Jamey
A perfect nickname for your friend James who always shines, whether through his work, clothes, or personality.
Good Nicknames For James
Dive into our list of nicknames for James that describe good nature, sweet personality, and happy presence.
126. Archer James
A nickname suggesting the good archery skills of someone named James or suitable for someone with a good vision.
127. Ames
Transferred from the surname Ames, this name originates from the Latin name amicus, meaning ‘friend.’ Ames without ‘J’ can be used as a nickname for James.
128. Captain James
A powerful nickname, suggesting a person named James who is a captain of a team, army, or group.
129. Cems
Cems is a Thai variant of the name James and can be used as a nickname too.
130. Duke James
The nickname Duke James suggests someone with a royal attitude.
131. Faithful James
A nickname, apt for someone who is loyal and faithful in his commitments.
132. Hemi
Hemi is the Maori, an Eastern Polynesian language, variant of James.
133. Hero James
The nickname ‘Hero James’ can be given to someone who has done something heroic or whose character has innate heroic attributes.
134. Hunter James
The nickname ‘Hunter James’ is suited for someone who has a wild attitude.
135. Iacomus
Iacomus is a form of the name James in Late Latin and so can be a suitable choice.
136. Jacomo
Jacomo is an Italian romantic way to call someone named James in the Venetian language.
137. Jaco
Jaco is rather a short form of Jacomo of Venetian origin and a variant of James.
138. Jai
Either a variant of the name Jay or an Indian name of Sanskrit origin, Jai means ‘victory.’ It can also make a good nickname for James.
139. Jamesie
An inventive nickname originated from the name James.
140. Jamiel
Jamiel is a unique American given name of uncertain origin and meaning. However, it can be used as a nickname for James, derived from the name Jamie.
141. Jamis
Jamis is a unique and cute nickname derived from the name James.
142. Jamys
A variant of Jamis, Jamys is also a lovely nickname for James.
143. Jeek
The name Jeek is a Luxembourgish (Western Germanic) form of the name James.
144. Jeames
The Scottish people use the name Jeames for James.
145. Just James
Inspired by Jesus’ apostle ‘James the Just’ who was revered as a good man, this nickname can be given to someone with a ‘good’ character (4).
146. Justy
The nickname Justy is also inspired by the ‘James the Just,’ and is a more short and casual nickname.
147. King James
In the history of England, Scotland, and other neighboring countries, many Kings were named James. Thus, you may use this nickname for your prince boy.
148. Mino
Mino is an Italian way to call James; however, it also has some other origins. For instance, as a Malagasy (African language) name, Mino means ‘believe.’
149. Noble James
Derived from the term ‘noble,’ this nickname may depict someone with a noble attitude and humble nature.
150. Jive James
Stemming from the dance form ‘jive,’ the nickname can be suitable for a dancer.
151. Semisi
The unique name is derived from the name James in the Tongan language of the Samoan Islands.
152. Shamus
Shamus is an anglicized form of the name Seamus, which is an Irish form of the name James.
153. Siams
The name Siams is a Welsh (Archaic) form of James.
154. Simi
A variant of Jim, Simi is another Samoan form of James.
155. Sweet James
Signifying sweet nature and jolly personality, Sweet James can be a sweet nickname for your lovely boy.
A blogger and a mother named Jessica E. Fleming shares how she ended up choosing James for her son. She writes ‘I was just starting my second trimester and painting away on the murals that would cover the walls of my precious child’s nursery. I decided to play an album that my dad had just given me: “James Taylor’s Greatest Hits.” I was enjoying the music and let my mind drift as I painted the soft green blades of grass. Then, “Sweet Baby James” came on… When it came to the line “Rockabye Sweet Baby James,” I burst into tears. I knew, just knew, that the little one I was carrying was my own Sweet Baby James. I softly rubbed my belly and quietly whispered, “I love you, James.” From that moment on, I wouldn’t even consider another name. My baby was James (i).’
156. Xames
An extremely unique nickname and a spelling variant of James, replacing the ‘J’ with ‘X.’
Bad Nicknames For James
Explore our list of badass nicknames for James that bring out the tough, adventurous, and vibrant side of someone named James.
157. Ace James
The name is suitable for James who achieved excellence in several endeavors. Ace James implies intelligence.
158. Adventurer Jami
The nickname is suitable for someone who loves adventures and outdoor activities.
159. Blaze James
An interesting badass nickname choice for James, Blaze James can be a unique option.
160. Dynamic James
Suggesting someone with high energy and a dynamic personality, this could be an interesting nickname for James.
161. Eagle James
Indicating keen observation and mighty strength, the nickname originates from the attributes of an eagle.
162. Earlybird James
Suggestive of someone who rises, arrives, or acts before the expected time, the nickname Earlybird James originates from the word ‘early bird.’
163. Flashy Jamie
Showing speed and agility, Flashy Jamie can be a nickname for someone who does everything quickly.
164. Gaby Jamy
A perfect nickname exuding friendliness and approachability, and suitable for James.
165. Indie James
It can be a vibrant and badass choice for a nickname for James.
166. Iron James
An apt nickname for someone named James with a resilient character.
167. JellyfishJames
Inspired by the sea creature ‘jellyfish,’ this nickname suggests someone who is flexible to adjust to every circumstance.
168. JiltedJames
Stemming from the word ‘jilted,’ this nickname suggests someone named James with a history of heartbreak.
169. JitteryJames
Though there is no history, the name can be an apt nickname choice since it has a rhythm to it that aligns with James.
170. JokesterJames
Taken from the word ‘jokester,’ this nickname reflects someone with a humorous nature.
171. JuvenileJames
The nickname is suitable for James who has a heart of a child.
172. Maverick James
The word Maverick is a highlight in this nickname choice and is suitable for James.
173. Owly James
If you know James who likes to party or stays up at night, Owly James can be an appropriate nickname for him.
174. Ranger James
The nickname Ranger James reflects one’s love for wilderness exploration.
175. Sage James
The nickname Sage James reflects a wise nature, full of wisdom, and thoughtful insights.
176. Titan James
Indicating someone with mighty strength, power, and dominance, this nickname originates from the ‘Titan’ and can be used for James.
177. Sunny Jammyy
Sunny goes well with Jammyy and gives a tune to it, so it can be a good choice for a nickname.
178. Victor James
Indicating someone who loves winning, this nickname can be a cool and badass choice.
179. Vortex James
Another unique choice, Vortex James can be a badass nickname for James.
180. Yoda James
Just like the Yoda from the Star Wars Universe, Yoda James can be a good choice for someone who is a Star Wars fanatic.
Feminine Nicknames For James
James is a common masculine name, but it has the versatility and charm to offer sweet feminine nicknames.
181. Jacqueline
A beautiful French feminine form of Jacques, Jacqueline comes from the name Iacobus, which is the Latin form of James.
182. Jaima
A feminine variant of the name Jaime in Spanish comes from Iacomus, the Late Latin form of James.
183. Jaimi
Another variant of Jamie, Jaimi is a feminine name originating from the Lowland Scots and is a feminine diminutive form of James.
184. Jamelle
Jamelle is a gender-neutral portmanteau name, made with the combination of James and Isabelle.
185. Jamey
A variant of Jamie which is a Lowland Scots diminutive of James, the name Jamey is primarily a feminine name that can also be used as a masculine name.
186. Jamia
Originating from James, it is a feminine version of the name Jamie, which is a Lowland Scots diminutive of James.
187. Jamesina
Jamesina is a feminine form of James in the Scottish language.
188. Jamesa
A feminine nickname for James, Jamesa has an uncertain origin but it is an interesting choice.
189. Jamesetta
A feminine name Jamesetta is an elaborate and female nickname choice for James.
190. Jamsin
Jamsin is another nickname for James, suitable for females.
191. Jaqui
Jacqui is a feminine form of Jackie or Jacqui, which eventually comes from the name James.
192. Jaquy
The name Jaquy is a unique spelling variation of names like Jackie, Jacky, or Jaqui. These names are diminutive of Jacqueline, a feminine version of Jacques, a cognate to James due to their similar etymology from the Latin name Iacobus. Thus, Jaquy can be used as a feminine diminutive or nickname for James.
193. Jasmine
Derived from the Persian word ‘yasmin,’ this name refers to the flower Jasmine. It can be considered a nickname for James due to its phonetic similarity.
194. Jaylene
Jaylene is a modern English blend of the names Jay with Marlene, or a combination of the name Jay with the suffix -lene. Here, Jay is a common diminutive of the name James, thus, you may consider Jaylene as a sweet feminine nickname for James.
195. Jayanna
A beautiful inventive feminine name, made with the combination of the names Jay and Anna. This can be taken as a feminine nickname for James due to its association with the element Jay.
196. Jayma
A variant of Jamie, Jayma is a feminine derivative of the name James.
197. Jazlyn
Made with Jasmine and the suffix -Lyn, Jazlyn is a stylish modern English name for girls.
198. Jazmina
Derived from the Persian word ‘Yasmin,’ this unique feminine name represents Jasmine flowers and is a suitable feminine nickname option for James.
199. Jazmyne
Another spelling variant of the name Jasmine, it is a modern English name for girls.
200. Jemma
Derived from the Latin word ‘gemma,’ this James nickname choice for girls means ‘precious stone’ or ‘gem.’
201. Jumana
Jumana is a beautiful Arabic name, meaning ‘pearl.’ It can also be used as a feminine nickname for James.
202. Yemimah
A modern English name that may have its origin in the Hebrew language, Yeminah is derived from the name ‘Yam’ meaning ‘sea’ in Hebrew.
Discover More Names
When you have to choose a name for your baby, a few hundreds of names may not be just enough. Keep digging our mine of baby names until you find that one precious gem.
When giving a nickname, there is no specific rule to follow. From name variants, rhyming names, and nicknames derived based on an individual’s appearance, character, and even work, James can have plenty of nicknames. Many nicknames are casually invented and might not have any certain origin and meaning. Since James is the most common name, a unique nickname may help you build a special connection with the person named James.
Key Pointers
- There are several linguistic variations of James, including Jacob, Jamie, Jamesy, and more.
- James has always been the most popular masculine name in different parts of the world.
- Owing to its Biblical origin, and royal usage, there are many nicknames for James including Jacob and Jeremiah.